What Does Citizens United v. FEC Really Mean?
I received an email from a law student who posed a question about the impact of the recent Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC. The student asked:
"After the recent Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, it seems to me that pay-to-play laws across the nation will now serve even more of a purpose as corporations are now free to contribute to the political process (although not directly to candidates).
In saying that, I was wondering about your take on the matter. Am I missing something, or does Citizens really mean what I think it does?"
It’s a very good question because, while Citizens United doesn’t directly affect state pay-to-play issues, its impact is certain to be felt this legislative session. States and municipalities have already been struggling to respond to voter angst about the political process - and recent election results combined with breathless media reporting is certain to exacerbate that angst.
In a nutshell, Citizens United is a landmark ruling for corporations, unions and groups of individuals interested in participating in any aspect of the federal political debate. The ruling is particularly relevant because it is predicated upon a recognition that corporations, tax exempt groups and unions have a First Amendment right to use unlimited corporate funds for independent expenditures that expressly advocate the election or defeat of federal candidates. For those interested in reading more about the decision, a link to our firm’s client alert is attached here.
The ruling does not directly impact state pay-to-play laws because it expressly left intact existing federal and state limitations on campaign contributions and upon the ability of federal candidates to “coordinate” their activities with outside groups. It would be an error, however, to conclude that the Supreme Court’s ruling will not affect state legislative action on pay-to-play simply because the ruling doesn't affect contributions, coordination or any of the quid pro quo issues that pay-to-play laws are generally looking to capture. If anything, it is more likely that Citizens United is going to cause a number of state legislatures and municipal bodies to feel they need to pass tougher pay-to-play laws to counter the perceived invitation for corporations and unions to overwhelm the political process.
It is likely that such concerns are somewhat exaggerated. Rather than being incentivized by this enhanced recognition of rights to engage in pay-to-play politics, if anything, corporations and unions now have the opportunity to exert much more leverage with politicians simply by threatening to fund independent expenditures either for or against candidates depending on how responsive they are to the corporate or union cause. These groups no longer have to make contributions to exert leverage - they can do just fine on their own, thank you. As was seen just last week when a group of 40 corporate executives notified congressional leaders that they were tired of being solicited for campaign contributions, the ruling has already begun to change the political landscape away from the candidates and parties and towards the “independent expenditure”.
